Judicial Rulings with Prospective Effect in Australia

Question: Examine about the Judicial Rulings with Prospective Effect in Australia. Answer: Presentation: A rent understanding was gone into among Andrew and Kathy. Under the particulars of the understanding, Kathy rented her reason situated in Rownville Flats in New South Wales to Andrew for a time of five years. The reason for which Andrew claimed the property was for rehearsing physiotherapy and for directing activity classes. The time of rent initiated from 1 April 2015. The rent was an enlisted rent and Kathy was the proprietor of such property. In August 2015, some development and fixing works were being carried on in the arcade for three weeks which made trouble Andrew in doing his physiotherapy rehearses. In this manner, he grumbled about such fixing actuates to Kathy. In an answer Kathy affirmed him that the fixing work would not be carried on for long. Andrew likewise submitted a few questions with respect to certain stuffs in the premises which required substitution. However, Kathy didn't give any consideration to him. Andrew knew about the way that he needed to cause a great deal of costs for doing those substitutions and in this way he took a choice of surrendering his business. He chose to rent the rent to Courtney who consented to proceed with the leading of activity classes. Kathy didn't allow for the task of the rent. Legitimate issues associated with the case The lease of properties in New South Wales is administered by Residential Tenancies Act 1987 and the Landlord and Tenant (Rental Bonds) Act 1977(Stratton, 2013). Under the arrangements set down under the enactments, an occupant can just rent the rented premise with the assent of the landowner (Hepburn Jaynes, 2013). In the moment case, under the particulars of the current understanding (Clause 5) between the proprietor (Kathy) and tenant(Andrews), the inhabitant was not permitted to dole out the leased reason or rent it to some other individual without the composed assent of the landowner. Along these lines, legitimately the occupant has no privilege to rent the reason to some other individual without taking the assent of the landowner (Pagura, 2015).But in the current case, it would be exceptionally out of line to Andrew on the off chance that he isn't permitted to rent the reason to Courtney. It is a built up rule that the Court may now and again veer off from the real language of an enactment to do equity to the gatherings (Douglas et al., 2015). The Courts have the duty to apportion equity to the gatherings showing up before it. It may not be consistently conceivable to render total equity by clinging to the genuine arrangement set down under the enactments. Here and there, it gets unavoidable to go astray from the real arrangements of the enactments with the goal that total equity might be done to the gatherings. Under the realities of the moment case, Andrew couldn't be relied upon to maintain a sound business given the quantity of blocks he was confronting. Andrew was having a great deal of trouble to lead physiotherapy exercises in the leased reason. Right off the bat there were things which required quick substitution however the proprietor paid no notice towards tending to such issues. Furthermore, the fixing exercises which were going on in Kathys arcade made a lot of impediment Andrew. Under these conditions, Andrew couldn't be sensibly expected to satisfy the reason for which he had taken the reason on rent. Subsequently, Andrew had properly chosen to surrender his business as he was not having the option to make any benefit out of the physiotherapy exercises. Things turned out to be more terrible when Kathy declined to help out him. Given that Andrew was confronting trouble in maintaining the business, Kathy could have expanded her assistance by supplanting the needful things in the reason. Accordingly, the proprietor has acted in an out of line way by two different ways: right off the bat, via completing fixing works which made a great deal of bother Andrew for a time of nonstop three weeks and besides by not helping out her occupant in supplanting the floor covering or fixing the tap. Kathy ought to have permitted Andrew to rent the rent on the grounds that legitimately on the off chance that we see Kathy had no complaint in giving somebody to direct physiotherapy exercises access her reason. The individual to whom Andrew needed to rent the reason consented to carry on the comparable exercises which Andrew was doing in the reason. Consequently, when a landowner can lease her reason to an occupant for carrying on a specific action, there is no motivation behind why she can't permit a similar reason to be utilized by someone else for carrying on comparable exercises in the reason (Wosskow, 2014). She could have denied the selling of wellbeing items and gym equipment from the reason yet she could have effortlessly permitted Courtney to direct physiotherapy exercises in her reason. The demonstration of landowner for this situation is very preposterous and unjustified. Also, Andrew was not in a situation to bring about such a great amount of costs in supplanting the applicable things in the reason which required quick substitution. His choice to surrender the business is very sensible in light of the current situation. Kathys refusal to let Andrew rent the reason to Courtney is completely outlandish. Truth be told so much tact ought not be given to the proprietor; else it would be exceptionally unjustifiable to the occupant. A proprietor should deal with all the necessities required in a reason. On the off chance that she didn't need her reason to be rented by the inhabitant, ought to have in any event consented to supplant the things which the occupant requested for. By the by, she had would not do the fundamental substitutions. Subsequently, the proprietor has not been reasonable for the occupant and she has exploited the reality she was the proprietor of the reason. The inhabitant in the current conditions has not had the option to carry on his business appropriately in the leased reason and the unfriendly conditions have not allowed his business to business. Along these lines, it has been unjustifiable to the occupant and hence, in the light of the current conditions, he ought to be permitted to rent his reason to Courtney. However, the statement under the rent understanding doesn't permit the inhabitant to rent the leased reason without a composed authorization of the proprietor, yet conditions of the moment case are unique and they need exceptional consideration too. Had the proprietor been helpful and had she given all help to her inhabitant, we could have made an alternate inference. Be that as it may, in the moment case, the landowner has basically made maltreatment of her optional force and in this way she ought to be limited from denying Andrew to rent the reason. This would be a reasonable choice in the light of value and great inner voice. References: Douglas, J., Atkins, E., Clift, H. (2015). Legal Rulings with Prospective Effect in Australia. In Comparing the Prospective Effect of Judicial Rulings Across Jurisdictions (pp. 349-358). Springer International Publishing. Hepburn, S. J., Jaynes, S. (2013). The nature and extent of privileges of evacuation. Property Law Review, 2(3), 123-138. Pagura, I. (2015). Law report: Leases,'what you have to know'. Diary of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, 21(2), 119. Stratton, J. (2013). Contextual analysis 2: The privilege to lodging. Interesting issues: Legal Issues in Plain Language, (85), 28. Wosskow, D. (2014). Opening the sharing economy: An autonomous audit.

Report (addressing the key issues surrounding financial and marketing Essay

Report (tending to the key issues encompassing money related and showcasing uses of the executives data framework - Essay Example MIS frameworks empower associations to change unmanageable volumes of information into groups that underpins quicker dynamic. Quicker dynamic engages associations with the ability to get by in today’s quickly changing business condition. MIS frameworks likewise empowers associations run reproductions dependent on crude information which permits them to respond to ‘what if’ questions in regards to their system. Extensively, MIS increase data utility across anâ organization. Data accessibility is essentialâ to the dynamic procedure at all degrees of the association: useful, operational and key. In this conversation we will take a gander at the key issues encompassing use of MIS in two significant business forms, to be specific: promoting and money. Showcasing the executives data frameworks (MkIS) are automated frameworks intended to help the accessibility of data required to guarantee compelling promoting exercises of an association. These necessities of the association must be met by the showcasing data frameworks in the event that it gives the association operational, diagnostic and community oriented usefulness (Harmon 2003). The operational needs angle is tended to by the client the executives applications that attention on day by day client exchanges and client care. The investigative capacity is finished by MkIS choice emotionally supportive networks that empower information examination on factors influencing the economic situations, for example, clients, rivalry and innovation. The cooperative MkIS applications make it simpler for supervisors to share data and work together for all intents and purposes. Additionally, it helps with urging associations to work together with their clients on item structures and inclinations . Overseeing showcasing data by methods for IT has gotten a vital component of viable promoting. MkIS offer new methodologies for improving the inner efficiencies of a firm particularly with

Drug and Alcohol Rehab Programs for Beginners

Drug and Alcohol Rehab Programs for Beginners Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print Drug and Alcohol Rehab Programs for Beginners By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 13, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 15, 2019 ONOKY - Eric Audras/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use A first-time rehab experience can be scaryâ€"but it can also give you the lift you need to adopt a sober lifestyle. Learn what is it like to go into a rehab program.?? No Locks First, there are no locks are on the doors. You are free to leave at any time. Even if you have been adjudicated by the criminal justice system into the program, you can still walk out. You may face the consequences later, but you can choose to leave. The reason there are no locks is that no rehab or treatment program is going to work unless you are willing. If you enter rehab knowing that you are going to drink or use drugs again, you are likely wasting your money and time. If you decide to stay, youll encounter similar conditions regardless of the facility you choose. Alcohol and Drug Rehab Recovery Begins With Treatment Initiation The First Stop: Detox Some residential rehab facilities feature their own in-house detoxification programs, but more centers today require clients to complete detox prior to entering their facilities.?? You may need to get clean and sober before you can even enter rehab. The trend today is to have you go through the withdrawal process at a facility that specializes in dealing with drug and alcohol withdrawal symptoms.?? Typically, this transition occurs on a short-termâ€"five to seven daysâ€"inpatient basis, although the time frame can vary.?? The Facilities Each residential rehab facility is different in its physical facilities.?? They range from almost primitive camp-type settingsâ€"usually for troubled teensâ€"to the most luxurious facilities imaginable, and everything in between. Like most other things in life, you get what you pay for or what you or your insurance can afford. The type of physical facilities the program offers may have little to do with how successful or effective their program might be in keeping you sober. So, its important to research the type of treatments offered as well as their success rates.?? Education Education is the core component of all treatment and rehab programs. It may vary from facility to facility. The process is aimed at getting you to look at your addiction honestly and realistically, and change your attitude about your drug and alcohol use.?? In the early stages of recovery, most alcoholics or addicts may still be holding on to some  denial  about the seriousness of their problem or may be ambivalent about quitting drugs and alcohol for good. Treatment programs try to break through that denial and ambivalence to try to get you to commit to a clean and sober lifestyle. Typically, you will learn about the nature of alcoholism, the dynamics of addiction, the effects drugs and alcohol have on your body, and the consequences if you continue to use. Where to Find Free Alcohol and Drug Treatment Programs Counseling and Group Therapy During your rehab, you will probably receive individual counseling with a trained addiction counselor and you will possibly participate daily in group therapy meetings with others at the facility.?? These sessions are designed to teach you the skills that you will need to live life without drugs and alcohol. You will learn how to recognize situations in which you are most likely to drink or use drugs and how to avoid these circumstances in the future. You will learn new coping skills. The group sessions are designed to teach you the value of seeking support from others who are going through the same experiences and challenges that you are. In some facilities, these group sessions may be actual 12-step meetings. In other facilities, they may be facilitated by staff members.?? Family Meetings Many successful drug and alcohol rehab programs include members of your family in your treatment program. Some programs include family members and friends throughout the entire rehab process, from the initial assessment through continued follow-up aftercare. Research has shown that including family and friends in the educational process significantly improves rehab outcomes. In the family meetings, your family members will learn about the dynamics of addiction, learn to identify strengths and resources to help encourage you in your recovery, discuss how they have been affected by your substance abuse, and learn how they also can begin to heal their own wounds.?? Many rehab facilities require family members to attend Al-Anon meetings if they want to visit you while you are in treatment, to learn how they may have been enabling you and contributing to the problem with their actions and reactions to your substance abuse. Aftercare Program The typical residential drug and alcohol rehab program will last about 28 days, sometimes longer, during which you remain in a structured environment where no drugs are alcohol are available. Successful rehab programs have a strong aftercare program plan designed to meet your individual needs. By now your counselor probably knows you well and will suggest the next steps based on where you are on your recovery journey. Your aftercare plan may include intensive outpatient treatment, residence at a halfway house, attendance at 12-step meetings, weekly check-ins with your counselor, and other suggestions to help you avoid the situations and triggers that might cause you to relapse.?? What Happens When a Loved One Goes to Alcohol or Drug Rehab?

The Effect of Physical Education on Academic Achievement...

The controversial topic in the realm of physical education is if physical education should remain in schools. Higher up’s are complaining about test scores and suggesting that cutting physical education programs would lead to better test scores. Technically, this would lead to more time spent sitting in a desk and listening to lectures in class, which is supposed to improve test scores. So, the solution to increase test scores is to take the small chance of physical activity that children receive during the school day and keep them almost completely sedentary for six-plus hours. When physical activity is restricted during school hours, children do not regain the lost physical activity after school, resulting in children who remain†¦show more content†¦There is nothing more important than health, especially in this day and age. It’s concerning that only 29 percent of high school students surveyed by the CDC (2011) had participated in at least 60 minutes of physi cal activity on all seven days before the survey. The CDC also noted that only 31 percent of these high school students attended physical education class daily. Only 8 percent of elementary schools, 6.4 percent of middle schools, and 5.8 percent of high schools provide daily physical education to all of its students (SHPPS, 2000). The government is missing the fact that physical education can actually improve test scores, not the opposite. There was a study done in Mississippi with elementary and middle school students, whose aim was to find associations between health-related physical fitness and academic achievement using standardized Language Arts and Math scores (Blom, Alvarez, Zhang, Kolbo, 2011). Besides the standardized test scores, objective measures of fitness were used, along with attendance records, discipline records and socio-demographic information of the area. The participants included 2,992 Mississippi public school children in grades 3-6. The results indicated a strong positive correlation between fitness and standardized test scores in Language Arts and Math. The more fit students had higher test scores and fewer absences overall. The study also revealed that students with the lowest numberShow MoreRelatedPhysical Activity And A Child s Academic Achievement847 Words   |  4 PagesABSTRACT It’s a well-known fact that physical activity and being healthy leads to a positive lifestyle. There have been numerous debates about the relationship between physical activity and a child’s academic achievement. In 1947 to 2009, 59 studies were used for the â€Å"comprehensive, quantitative synthesis of literature† (pg. 521) for data analysis. 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Top Essay Topics for Placement Test Tips!

Top Essay Topics for Placement Test Tips! The test is straightforward and easy only as long as you are getting ready for it several months before. It gives you an experience of sitting in a true ECAT test center. Before you test, make sure to review. Placement tests aren't timed. Selenium Webdriver is just one of the most well-known testing frameworks. It is able to interact with all the different elements in a webpage. By covering all the various functionalities on your site with Selenium tests, you'll be in a position to rapidly catch new and reappearing old bugs. Your Selenium tests will be simple to read and understand. Students will be permitted to request 1 math placement test retake. Proofreading and revising is critical in offering a polished essay. Scoring well in school exams won't decide your future, but if you prefer to attain high targets and a prosperous life, you must think before it's too late. Students who are not sure of their Spanish language skills should check with their academic advisor and could possibly be provided a Spanish Placement Advisor Referral Form so as to select the Web. Good placement is valuable to your success in college. No appointment is demanded. Exceptions are dependent on the writing coordinator. The Chronicles of Essay Topics for Placement Test Use varied sentence structures Demonstrate a number of sentence structures in your writing to find a greater score. Your language selection will be dependent on this issue. Initially, you'd be given a particular topic to talk about which would wind up getting a more challenging interview vogue query. Mba essay help secure high quality essay writing service all services there are dozens and dozens of essay writing services from which you can purchase an. Confirm that you know the question. In case you have any questions please inform us in the comments below. It might be that you've been instructed on the sort of essay to write or, as an alternative, you could have been given free rein regarding what styles to select. You must tie 1 idea to the next, so the reader can follow through. Its principal attempt is to persuade a reader to adopt a specific point of view or maybe to take a specific action on the matter. Then devote the remainder of your essay to supporting it. Definitions of Essay Topics for Placement Test Food is now less difficult to prepare. In every one of the two, you will use a completely different assortment of words. What are the variety of ways to reach a purpose of sustainable fashion. For an Essay contest, the style in which you express yourself depends upon the subject you've got to write on. You will be provided a selection of topics. A common unfavorable behavior emerges here. What You Should Do About Essay Topics for Placement Test Beginning in the Next 15 Minutes The more practice you've got, the better you will end up. You have to practice a number of mock tests in order to acquire the feeling of the time constraint during the exam. Having illustrated diagrams for electrode placement is also practical for patients who purchase home units and wish to use their TENS unit by themselves. Placement test scores are valid for a couple of years, in accord with state guidelines. With the diverse therapy applications of a TENS unit, it's the ideal addition to numerous rehabilitation regimens. One of the principal goals in pain management in physical therapy is to get a modality that's non-invasive and productive. Patient will truly feel a little tingling feeling. The term that you want to use is misalignment. The Advantages of Essay Topics for Placement Test In case you are unable to disprove the cheating charges, colleges will just find your scores are canceled, without access to additional information regarding why it happened. An mba essay will be supplied. You might also be informed that you've been accused of cheating after the test. A small review may create a difference. If you are flagged as a result of a substantial score improve, the testing agency will typically request that you retake the test, at no cost, in a more controlled setting. The intention of the placement test is to set the course that's best suited to your writing needs.

Alcoholism And Rehabilitation Free Essays

Alcoholism, also known as alcohol dependence, is unfortunately a widespread ailment which spans people of all age groups and socioeconomic levels. The health risks of this disease, and alcoholism is a disease, are as widespread as the individuals who contract it. In addition to these health risks, alcoholism is also an influencing factor in another problem plaguing societies, domestic violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Alcoholism And Rehabilitation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus, alcohol and anger create a sometimes fatal combination. As a result, rehabilitation success rates are vital in the ridding alcoholism and its negative effects from society. Alcoholism is a disease which can be described by degree. Alcohol dependence describes individuals who have developed a â€Å"maladaptive pattern† of alcohol consumption which is characterized by a developing alcohol tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, or hangovers, and the inability to stop drinking. It doesn’t stop there People with alcohol dependence may progress to alcohol abuse which can significantly interfere with their social lives, their work or their interpersonal relationships. In addition, this abuse can also cause a host of related issues including â€Å"major depression, dysthymia, mania, hypomania, panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders, any drug use disorder, schizophrenia, and suicide† (Cargiulo 2007). According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), drinking up to 14 drinks in a week for men or seven drinks per week as a woman could indicate alcohol dependence. In addition, the NIAAA estimates that up to nearly 18 million Americans could be considered alcoholics (Lauer 2006). That amounts to way too many individuals who are addicted to a drug that is both physically and mentally harmful, not to mention the effects on society as a whole. Despite the many mental and physiological problems that are associated with alcoholism, some of the most frightening are the health problems associated with the brain. Evidence exists that shows the damage that alcohol consumption does to the brain. Brain imaging studies have revealed that people with alcoholism have significant differences in parts of their brains than those without alcoholism. The brain volume is reduced in alcoholics as well as the blood flow to the brain. The reduced blood flow has been linked to a lowering of inhibitions and memory, impaired cognitive function in general and even damage to the corpus callosum (Cargiulo 2007). Thus, alcoholism can directly translate to serious problems with the mind. These problems can lead to long term brain damage. Lesions in the brain form in those with long term patterns of alcohol abuse. This can translate into Korsakoff’s disease which is characterized by motor impairment and thinking impairments which can affect a person’s ability to care for himself. In the end, the individual may have to be cared for institutionally. Alcohol affects the neurotransmitters in the brain. As the disease progresses to chronic status, the brain cells begin to adapt to the alcohol that seems to reside permanently in the brain. As a result, the brain becomes reliant on the alcohol to work. If alcohol is removed, the symptoms of withdrawal take longer and longer to subside. Ultimately, the brain tissue will rebel, in a way, and the withdrawal symptoms can be severe, even fatal. Once the cells in the brain die, they cannot be regenerated (Shoemaker 2003). These effects seem to affect males to a greater degree than females. This fact can be explained by differences in drinking patters, choice of alcoholic drinks, rate of alcohol metabolism and the protective effects of hormones such as estrogen (de Bruin, 2005) As such, alcohol dependency and abuse is three times more prominent in men as it is in women even though evidence suggests that for both genders, the numbers are underreported (Cargiulo 2007). As if the physical effects on the body were not bad enough, the behaviors of individuals who are addicted to alcohol are also quite dangerous. The drinkers find themselves to be less inhibited and more willing to engage in risky behaviors. Many of these behaviors can be characterized as aggressive and violent. In addition to the money that society has to pay for the medical care, it is also very costly to sort through all the social issues that alcoholism may create. Galvani (2004) gives several possible reasons why this risky and damaging behavior may occur in drinkers. Physiological theories argue that ethanol, the drug in alcohol increase aggression biologically. A theory known as Disinhibition Theory notes the earlier link between alcohol and cognitive function, specifically the portion of the brain mentioned above that regulates levels if inhibition. The Deviance Disavowal theory argues that the abusers use alcohol as a reason for their behavior and consciously drinks so that they can blame the alcohol for their actions. Social Learning theories explain that people will act in a way based on their experiences around others. Therefore, parents and societal expectations can lead to alcoholic abuse and abusive behaviors (Galvani, 2004). As with many ailments, more than one option for treatment exists. Many of these options can occur in conjunction with others. For years, behavior modification such as one might find in various 12 – Step Program or other similar programs have been the way of choice. These programs focus on the addicts significantly changing the way they behave in society including the people with whom they associate. Either a professional or a group of individuals led by a former addict facilitate the alcoholic’s recovery. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), is an organization most known for its success rates for alcoholics’ recovery. It is available to anyone who desires its services. Lately increasing research evidence has found that a 12-step program affiliation is not only effective on its own, but even more effective along with professional, medical treatment, including residence based programs. The truth is, â€Å"Involvement with AA is consistently and positively associated with improved drinking outcomes, replicated across a large volume of studies using a variety of treatment methods† (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004). The reason for this success is the three core items of AA: identification of self as a member, the number of steps completed, and the quantity of meetings attended (Cloud, Zeigler and Blondell, 2004). It can be a tiring process for an already worn individual. Because so many of these types of programs rely on frequent attendance by the alcoholics. One study sought to find the correlation, if any, between the duration of treatment and the level of intensity of the treatment. Moos and Moos (2003) conducted a study of 276 alcoholics who began formal treatment for alcohol abuse. These patients were involved with out-patient programs, residential programs, or a combination of the two. The average length of treatment was 20. 7 weeks, and the average intensity, or number of contacts, was 2. 8 contacts per week. These researchers first note that the individuals who had longer duration of treatment usually had less intense treatment. They found that patients who had a short treatment duration, which is considered 1-8 weeks, were more likely to abstain from alcohol than those who received no help whatsoever. If the treatment lasted for nine weeks or more, then the patient was even more likely to abstain from alcohol. This seems to suggest that the longer the treatment duration, the better the individual may respond to the treatment (Moos and Moos, 2003). However, recently the question has arisen as to whether or not recovering alcoholics must completely abstain from alcohol or not. Most programs, such as AA, or other groups perhaps affiliated with churches or in-patient and out-patient residential programs, build potential and motivation for success on complete life changes. These changes includes huge behavior shifts which focus on completely eliminating alcohol. Unfortunately, many people do not seek treatment because they don’t want to completely give up the occasional beer or social glass or wine. Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst (2005) agree and have encouraged programs like Moderation Management which do not force individuals to part with alcoholic beverages forever. Allowing a choice of goal may be one effective way to increase the numbers of people willing to enter alcohol treatment. It is estimated that as few as 10% of individuals with alcohol use disorders attend treatment; more flexible goals may appeal to a wider range of these people. There is also evidence that therapy can move people toward choosing a realistic drinking goal for themselves (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). On one side of this debate are those that argue in favor of abstinence. They say that the disease controls the individual and that this person will definitely lose control of they are exposed to alcohol, even a small amount . (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). Never drinking again is the surest way to â€Å"cure† this disease. Alcohol recovery patients are constantly reminded that they are and always will be an alcoholic, just like a diabetic always will be a diabetic. Opponents to the abstinence-only argument argue that people and their problems with alcohol are all different with different times of drinking and different levels of drinking. The researchers use the common phrase â€Å"different strokes for different folks† in describing this philosophy. While they agree that some problems require abstinence, but they allow that other individuals could moderate their drinking and still improve. They call this a â€Å"harm-reduction orientation toward alcohol problems† which â€Å"focuses less on the amount of alcohol consumed and more on helping individuals decrease the harms related to alcohol use. Although abstinence may be desirable, it is not the primary measure of successful outcomes† (Humphries, Weingardt, aned Hoyst, 2005). Some of the personal demographics of individuals who are more likely to experience success on non-abstinent programs include younger people, those with social and psychological stability, those who are regularly employed, and those who believe that they can seriously manage a moderate drinking program. However, if the patients are pregnant, experiencing liver problems, or are in the advanced stages of alcoholism, they may be forced to consider only the abstinence route (Humphries, Weingardt, and Hoyst, 2005). Another reason that some people avoid seeking treatment for alcoholism is their reluctance to commit to residential or in-patient treatment. Luckily, recent studies have indicated that outpatient treatment is effective in treating alcoholic dependency. Studies of this type have reported abstinence rates of 34-59% for 6 months post-treatment, 48 % for 19 to 24-month post-treatment and 52% for the 49-month post-treatment mark. In Bottlende and Soyka’s study of 2005, their rates were slightly higher for the six month mark at 64% abstaining, and 14 % significantly reducing their alcohol intake with a 22% rate of serious relapse. Perhaps, if people understood that they could get good results with a outpatient program, they would be more inclined to seriously consider treatment. Additionally, alcoholics do not need lengthy terms of treatment. Perhaps a brief commitment would do the trick for many with alcohol problems. â€Å"Brief interventions targeting alcohol consumption have been found to be very effective in changing clients’ consumption levels† (Roche and Freeman, 2004). One study cited by these researchers noted that heavy drinkers were likely to reduce the amount of alcohol they consumed six and twelve months after a brief intervention as compared with similarly heavy drinkers who received no interventions whatsoever: A WHO study conducted in eight countries involving over 1600 participants found that brief interventions reduced daily alcohol consumption on average by 17% and intensity of drinking by 10%. Brief interventions also reduce the number of alcohol-related problems, health-care utilization and associated treatment costs and the number of emergency department admissions. Brief interventions are also highly cost-efficient due to the minimal cost of the intervention and the breadth of scope for prevention of more serious and more costly problems (Roche and Freeman, 2004). However, the same benefits were not noted for women or for low consumers of alcohol who occasionally drank at very hazardous levels, also known as binge drinkers. Evidence suggests that â€Å"the majority of alcohol-related harms† affect these moderate to low drinkers who binge (Roche and Freeman, 2004). This study just shows that people do react differently to alcohol. One huge area of research in alcohol rehabilitation right now is in the area of gender. The above study mentioned that women do not receive the same level of benefits from brief interventions as men receive. This has led many researchers to fill the research gap between studies that focus on only males or on mixed genders and females. While women have a lower rate of substance abuse, those that are alcoholics suffer just as men do. In fact, women actually suffer more severe effects in some cases than men do. For example, women have more alcohol related health issues, â€Å"mental disorders, death rates, quicker addictions and greater social isolation and stigma† (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007). This is unfortunate because women have become increasingly more addicted to alcohol at younger and younger years of age. However, studies also indicate that while in treatment, women show more rapid improvement and are more able to control impulsive behaviors that are so problematic for men (Najavits, Rosier, and Nolan, 2007). Of course, one rehabilitative method that is often overlooked in the search to rehabilitate alcoholics is the pharmacological method. While drugs are frequently use to aid in helping alcoholics avoid painful and dangerous withdrawal symptoms, others are now being marketed as treatment methods themselves. One such drug is Acamprosate which is a synthetic compound with a similar structure to that of the neurotransmitter GABA and the neuromodulator Taurine† (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005). Once the patient is detoxified, Acomprosate helps the patient maintain abstinence in the place of rehabilitation programs. This way, individuals can maintain his social and professional life. Several studies found this to be true a year after use had begun â€Å"irrespective of disease severity or the type of psychosocial support† (Scott, Figgitt, and Keam, 2005) the patient received. Also, the drug appears to pose few tolerance issues such as nausea, diarrhea or the like. A second prescription medication is available for the treatment of alcoholism. Naltrexone has also produced very positive results in promoting abstinence among recovering alcoholics. This drug has also had several positive research trials and works better in conjunction with behavioral therapy. One way this drugs works is to result in a reduced urge to drink and negative physical side effects if it is taken in conjunction with alcohol (Rohsenow, 2004). Alcoholism is a horrible, addictive disease that leads not only to medical problems such as brain and liver problems, but also to psychological problems, social problems and even violent behavior. The disease affects individuals differently, and new approaches are always being considered to treat each sufferer. While abstinence only and residential programs seem to have prevailed in the past, the new approaches are leaning to more brief, outpatient programs and interventions that support both abstinence and moderation when it comes to alcohol consumption. These new programs also take into account differences that result from race and gender. With hope, this disease will soon be tamed, or even eradicated, with better and better rehabilitation programs. . References Bottlender, M. Soyka, M. (2005). Efficacy of an Intensive Outpatient Rehabilitation Program in Alcoholism: Predictors of Outcome 6 Months after Treatment. European Addiction Research 11 (3): 132-137. Cargiulo, T. (2007). Understanding the health impact of alcohol dependence. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 64: S1-S17 Cloud, RN, Ziegler, CH, Blondell, RD. What is Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation? Substance Use Misuse 39(7), 2004: 1117-1136 Galvani, S. (2004). Responsible disinhibition: Alcohol, men and violence to women. Addiction Research Theory 12 (4): 357-371 Humphreys, K, Weingardt, KR, Horst, D. Prevalence and predictors of research participant eligibility criteria in alcohol treatment outcome studies, 1970-98. Addiction 100(9), Sep 2005: 1249-1257 Moos, RH Moos BS. Long-term influence of duration and intensity of treatment on previously untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders. Addiction 98 (3), March 2003: 325-337. Najavits, LM, Rosier, M, Nolan, AL. (2007). A New Gender-Based Model for Women’s Recovery From Substance Abuse: Results of a Pilot Outcome Study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 33(1), 2007: 5-11 Roche, AM Freeman, T. (2004). Brief interventions: Good in theory but weak in practice. Drug and Alcohol Review 23(1):11-18. Rohsenow, Damaris J. (2004). What Place Does Naltrexone Have in the Treatment of Alcoholism? CNS Drugs 18(9): 547-560. Scott, LJ, Figgitt, DP, and Keam, SJ. (2005). Acamprosate: A Review of its Use in the Maintenance of Abstinence in Patients with Alcohol Dependence. CNS Drugs 19(5): 445- 464 Shoemaker, W. (2003). Alcohol’s Effects on the Brain. Nutritional Health Review: The Consumer’s Medical Journal 88: How to cite Alcoholism And Rehabilitation, Papers

Rugby School Essay Example

Rugby School Paper Salman Rushdie was born in Bombay, India to a Muslim family. At the age of fourteen Rushdie was sent to Rugby School in England. In 1964 Rushdies parents moved to Karachi, Pakistan. During this time there was a war between India and Pakistan, and the choosing of sides. Rushdie wrote his novel East, West based on the cultural similarities and difference and the relationship between east and the west. The theme of his work shows many connections, disruptions, migrations and shows the contrast between the religion, influence and identity between the Eastern and Western world. The first three stories are set in India; they involve the section titled East. In the short story The Free Radio Rushdie shows a comparison between the Indian society, its classes and its backwardness. The main priority of the Indian lower caste people being wanting to rise above all even if it means giving up their manhood. The story is about, a young boy, Ramani(symbolizes the Indian people) who is characterized as a teenage boy, and gets married to a thiefs widow(Indira Gandhi), who looks only for his downfall. Ramani, who is uneducated and is from the lower caste society, gives up his manhood in order to get a free radio which was promised, but never arrives. During the time of the Emergency (1975-1977) the basic rights and freedoms were taken away from the people. India had problems with over population hence, men were forced to give up their manhood (vasectomy) if not voluntarily then they will be forced to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Rugby School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rugby School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rugby School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ramani in this case who did this voluntarily showed that the lower caste society would do anything for a little money or satisfaction, they also dont think about their actions and consequences and does things willingly and not ready to accept what they did was wrong. This proves that Indira Gandhi was trying to destroy the lower caste society since they werent of much use. This is an image of no unity among the people of India they did what they thought was best for them. They were so driven by the idea of having a free radio that didnt exist. The radio could also be a symbol of the unity of India. Since thats the only medium in which they can communicate. Since it wasnt possible to get the free radio it meant that it was never possible to achieve unity among the people. Ram always had the rare quality of total belief in his dreams, and there were times when his faith in the imaginary radio took us in, so that we half-believed it was really on its way, or even that it was already here, cupped invisibly against his ear as he rode his rickshaw around the streets of the town. (Rushdie. East, West. 27). This meant that there was a dream that was believed by everyone but for the benefit of one person everything could be destroyed. The tone of this story is like of a fable. He uses this tone because it was a way of showing what happened in India was wrong and it didnt do much good to people or the nation. And it is written in a way that he lets you decide if what happened was right or wrong. The diction and syntax in the stories of the east is that of an Indian lower class English that was influenced by the british and many words are derived from hindi/Arabic or Sanskrit like pukka.